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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) in Mother Nature's Backyard |
After
four years of drought – and spotty summer rain – our plants are blooming at
unusual times. As we’ve already
featured many of our December-blooming plants, we’ve chosen a species that
often begins growing in December for
our Plant of the Month.
The
Spikerushes (genus Eleocharis) are a
common component of wetlands throughout the world. These grass-like plants, members of the Sedge
family (Cyperaceae), have rudimentary
leaves and understated flowers at the tips of upright stalks. Nearly all are wetland species and some –
like our own Pale spikerush – can even begin growing in shallow water.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya): new growth after winter rains. |
The
taxonomy of the Spikerushes presents challenges not uncommon in plants with relatively
few relevant characteristics and cosmopolitan (widespread) geographic distributions. Eleocharis macrostachya grows from
Alaska and Northern Canada, as far East as the Great Plains states, and South
to Mexico and South America (Argentina,
Colombia and Uruguay).
In
California, it’s a common and widespread member of wetland communities from sea
level to about 8,000 ft. (2500 m.) It
grows in a
variety of wet places including marshes, roadside ditches, and along streambanks, lakeshores and rivers. It also can be seen in seasonal wetlands,
including mountain meadows, vernal pools/marshes and other seasonally flooded
areas.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) in vernal marsh (Madrona Marsh Preserve). Taller plants in back are Tules and Cattails. Note how the spikerush grows around the edges of the marsh. |
Known by the common names of Pale spikerush, Common spikerush, Creeping spike
rush and Wire grass, Eleocharis macrostachya shares many characteristics with Eleocharis palustris; some specimens
have been included in this and several other Eleocharis species in the past.
There is widespread morphologic variability within Eleocharis macrostachya, even in California, so future
taxonomic revisions shouldn’t surprise us.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) in vernal pool: Madrona Marsh Preserve, Torrance CA. |
Pale spikerush is a rush-like
perennial that spreads via rhizomes to form dense mats. In lowland S. California, seeds germinate –
and plants begin to grow – with the winter rains. The under-water stems are hollow;
stems become pith-filled on land, giving them added stiffness. The plants can grow either in shallow standing
water or in moist soils, making them useful for seasonally moist areas like
rain gardens and infiltration swales. The plants continue to grow until the dry days
of summer, when they become dormant and turn a lovely glossy tan.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya): note stems with rudimentary leaves at base. |
Pale spikerush is 12-18
inches (30-45 cm.) tall. It can grow as
a single stem, as a tuft-like cluster of stems or as a mat-like ‘sod’. The stems have very rudimentary leaves (thin,
red-brown sheaths at the base of the stems) and are smooth and upright (see
above). Stems are pale yellow-green
under water, medium green on land. This
is a simple, but pretty wetland perennial.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) blooming in June: Madrona Marsh Preserve, Torrance CA. |
The flowers of Eleocharis
macrostachya grow in
purple-brown spikelets at the ends of the stems. As seen in the photo above, flowering plants
are showy, even though individual flowers are rudimentary. The spikelets are slender and cylindrical,
somewhat like a flame on a candle, and contain many small flowers, each encased
in a floral scale. Since the flowers are
wind-pollinated, there’s no need for fancy petals to attract animal pollinators. Instead, the sexual parts are well-situated
to ensure pollination (see below). The
seeds are enclosed in a gold-brown achene (capsule with one seed) that drops
from the plant when ripe.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya): close-up of spikelet. |
Pale spikerush is a very
adaptable plant. It will grow in just
about any soil, including clays and the sandy, alkali soils along our coast. It tolerates full sun to fairly shady conditions,
with flowering more reliable in full sun.
It does need moist soils in winter/spring and can even tolerate seasonal
flooding or shallow standing water, particularly if water levels are allowed to
fluctuate through the year (becoming shallower or dry in summer/fall).
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| Rain garden at Mother Nature's Backyard. Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) is indicated by arrow. |
Pale spikerush is most
commonly used as a pond/pool plant or in rain gardens, vegetated (infiltration)
swales or bog gardens. We grow it in our
rain garden and as a grass substitute under our Elderberry tree at Mother
Nature’s Backyard. It does fine with occasional (monthly or twice-monthly) summer
water. When grown in mass (like a turf) it becomes a lovely ‘straw’ groundcover
in late summer/fall. In fact, spikerush
straw is harvested in some parts of the world.
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| Alkali heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum) growing through a mulch of Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) |
Several points should be
emphasized regarding Eleocharis macrostachya.
First, it is a wetland plant that spreads via rhizomes. In our personal experience, it’s not particularly
aggressive in a fairly dry garden. But
if you water frequently – and want to limit its spread – then plant it in a
container. The second issue involves
plant-plant interactions. Some sources
note that Pale spikerush may inhibit the growth of other plants. We’ve
not noticed this ourselves and suspect it may be most important when dense Eleocharis ‘turf’ is allowed to dry,
uncut, and release chemicals into the soil.
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| Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya) straw in summer. |
That
being said, Eleocharis macrostachya
is a wonderful native for seasonally moist areas. It’s great for rain gardens and ponds, stabilizing
the soil on banks and slopes. It is easy
care, requiring only the removal of dead stalks in fall. It provides food and cover, as well as
nesting materials, for birds and smaller animals. In days of old, the stems were used for
weaving and dried stems for stuffing pillows and bedding. Some Native American tribes used the plant as
a medicine to induce vomiting.
We
love Eleocharis macrostachya as a
reminder of the seasonal wetlands once common in the South Bay. Spikerushes tie us to the past, providing a
sense of place. Ironically, our rain
gardens and seasonal swales have become our region’s wetlands. They are places where the plants of old
continue to thrive, a remnant of the vibrant ecosystems that were once the
heart (and kidneys) of our region.
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| Mixed groundcover with Pale spikerush (Eleocharis macrostachya), Carex pansa and Stachys bullata. |
For a
gardening information sheet see: http://www.slideshare.net/cvadheim/gardening-sheet-eleocharis-macrostachya
For more
pictures of this plant see: http://www.slideshare.net/cvadheim/eleocharis-macrostachya-web-show
For plant
information sheets on other native plants see: http://nativeplantscsudh.blogspot.com/p/gallery-of-native-plants_17.html
We
welcome your comments (below). You can
also send your questions to: mothernaturesbackyard10@gmail.com